What are the important development and creations of the Ming and Qing arts and crafts? What is its artistic tendency?

Ming and Qing Crafts
ARTS and CRAFTS of Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Ming and Qing dynasties in China were built in Beijing. At the same time, the living customs and cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities such as Mongolia, Tibetan, Uyghur and Manchu, have some impacts on the traditional culture of the Han nationality, which greatly enriched the cultural tradition of the Chinese nation. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were more developed in foreign trade. While exporting, some Arab and European crafts were also introduced to imitate, absorb, digest, and instill new blood for the development of arts and crafts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The arts and crafts during this period have undergone 549 years of development and changes, forming a unique style and the appearance of the times.
The officials and folk kiln in Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi, the production of civilian crafts, have expanded rapidly, the output has surged, and there are major creations. It almost monopolizes the national town porcelain consumer market. Most of the local kiln are declining, and only the production of kiln, Guangyao and Yixing kiln has made a slight progress. During the Yongle and Xuande periods of the early Ming Dynasty, porcelain such as blue and flowers and glazes had reached its peak. Yongle gemstone is red and sweet, and Xuande Gem Blue is a sign of the huge improvement of porcelain of Yong and Xuan Dynasty. Chenghua Kiln porcelain has innovation, don't start a lifetime. The blue and white porcelain is fine and strong, the glaze is fat and elegant. The colorful color of Jiajing includes red, yellow, green, purple and other glaze color, which also has a colorful meaning. The colorful drawing gold of Wanshuchi has a new tailor. Hongzhi's yellow glaze porcelain, yellow green color and Zhengde's peacock blue glaze is also emerging porcelain. The blue and white, Doucai, colorful and monochrome glaze in the Qing Dynasty had a distinctive imprint. The newly created pink and enamel color, both in Kangxi and the Yongzheng and flourished in Qianlong. Powder is the white glass into the color material, which is opaque, soft and bright, similar to the gongbi painting of the flowers and birds created by the flower and bird painter of the Qing Dynasty. The enamel color is made of enamel materials on the porcelain tire and baked. After the porcelain tire is fired by the Jingdezhen kiln, it arrives in Beijing to make the enamel painting. This is the royal kiln enamel kiln, which is exclusive to the royal family without overflowing. Kangxi's monochrome glaze porcelain is rich in color and beautiful, and it is unprecedented, such as cowpea red, rouge water, coral red, bean green, emerald green, parrot green, crab shell green, tea at the end of tea. The elephant porcelain, colorful, and turning bottle during Qianlong were also a successful attempt. While producing exquisite porcelain with Qianlong Guanyao, there is also a risk tendency to make rough production. After Jiaqing, Jingdezhen kiln turned to a low tide, and the situation was deteriorating. Although it is not incomparable, the grand occasion of Kang, Yong, and Qian Dynasty porcelain is like the East of the Dajiang East. Jingdezhen's people also developed hugely under the influence of the official kiln, leaving countless simple and cute products. Fujian Dehua Kiln is also a famous kiln in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The porcelain produced is dense. Among them, the white glaze is moist, mostly imitation of the rhino horn cup. He Chaozong is the most famous porcelain and plastic artist in Dehua Kiln, and his representative is "Dharma Crossing the Sea". The purple sand teapot of Yixing in Jiangsu was founded by the monks of Jinshan Temple in the late Ming Dynasty. After the process of processing and improvement of Dabin, it has a simple and elegant beauty. In addition, like Yixing imitation Jun glaze porcelain is also a successful move, while the Shiwan kiln in Guangdong is imitation Jun porcelain, rough and simple, with special fun in Lingnan.
[The colorful heron of the Qing Dynasty]
The textile craftsmanship, silk, hemp, cotton, wool textiles, printing dyeing and embroidery in the Qing Dynasty, which is directly related to the clothing of the entire nation, so it is the most broad The mass foundation, folk weaving and embroidery bloom all over the ground. The weaving, dyeing, and embroidery industries established on the basis of this strong basis have vigorous vitality. Its production center is Suzhou, Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Hangzhou. Suzhou and Jiangning mostly produce colorful littering fabrics with heavy menstruation or retirement. Suzhou brocade, the pattern is mostly imitated in the Song Dynasty brocade, with beautiful and elegant style, also known as Song Jin. Jiangning brocade, with a thick texture, with golden silk, colorful and generous, with a generous and deep -to -deep dizzy color matching method, like gorgeous clouds, so it has the reputation of Yun Jin. The brocade of the Qing Dynasty, the patterns are more beautiful, the color matching is becoming more and more elegant. Zhejiang is weaving, and Suzhou is known for its makeup. The makeup flower system adopts the "digging flower" process, which can be changed at any time, as many as 20 kinds. During the Ming Hongzhi period, the Fujian machine Linhong Linhong satin weaving may be a double -layer mid -layer in the 4 -layer satin machine. In the Ming Dynasty, Silk had a variety of techniques such as phoenix tails. In the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou was the most famous. In addition to imitating celebrity calligraphy and painting works, he also made clothing, surrounds, screens, cushions, and heads. Double -sided filament is more difficult. To reduce the ingredients for the corners, Qianlong used the pen to outline the details with a pen. The embroidery industry of the Ming and Qing dynasties has developed rapidly, forming different local characteristics. Gu Xiu began in the Shanghai family named family during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the name, Gu Xiu was known for the combination of embroidery and painting. Affects future generations. Su embroidery is characterized by the needle and elegance of the color. Its craftsmanship is flat and fine, uniform and light, and the patterns are mostly dizzy. It has strong decorative properties. Xiangxiu forms an independent system in the late Qing Dynasty. The style of the style is realistic. The works with the title of beast are the most distinctive. The needle method is mostly applied to the needle. A sense of truth. Cantonese embroidery is based on hundreds of birds and chickens. The patterns are full of patterns, strong colors, and have a unique effect. Shu embroidery is centered on Chengdu, with thicker lines and bright colors, and is loved by people. Beijing embroidery uses the royal embroidery as the center, and the royal service is the object of service. The embroidery is exquisite. In addition, the embroidery of Shandong and Hebei, such as Beijing sprinkler embroidery, and other local style. At this time, the Indian -dyeing industry has spread throughout the country. It has developed craftsmanship and rich colors. It mainly includes dyeing silk, chip, wax dyeing, blue and white printing cloth, oil color printing cloth, roller printing cloth, pouring flower cloth and other varieties. Most -quality blankets are the most popular in ethnic minorities such as Mongolia, Tibet, and Uyghur, all of which are rich in their own national characteristics. Suzhou is known for its good imitation of foreign blankets. Most of the textiles, printing and dyeing, embroidery, and weaving of ethnic minorities are completed in the hands of women. Because most of them are used by themselves, they do not restrict their desires. The Zhuang brocade of the Zhuang people, the backbone of the Uyghur Return, Heshi Silk, Golden and Silver Line Carpet, Tibetan Circles, Miao wax dye, and the embroidery of Li, Kazakhs, and other ethnic groups are all national craftsmanship.
[Cai Cai Jianjin "Bliss World Picture" (partial)]
The jade crafts of the jade materials of the Ming Dynasty jade materials from Huozhou, Turpan, Samalham, Yuyu and other places in the Western Regions. However, there are not many people, so there are very few sheep fat in the jade artificial jade in the Ming Dynasty, most of which are blue and white jade. The jade center of the Ming Dynasty was Beijing and Suzhou, and the latter was particularly skilled. A group of famous jade workers such as Lu Zigang emerged. In addition to the production of jade wares in the Ming Dynasty, in addition to weips such as 器, pearl, pendant, and ring, there are various daily utensils such as cups, bowls, bottles, bottles, pots, pots, washing, pelvis, and flowers. Before the Ming Dynasty and the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the jade articles were more natural, and they tended to be trivial and rough in the later period, and also left some signs. Although the jade articles in the Ming Dynasty were widely used and there were many varieties, it was still nothing more than antique jade and time to make jade. The antique jade "is like a pseudo -chaotic ancient system", and it is quite new. In the early days of the jade artifacts of the Qing Dynasty, in the middle and late Qianlong period, more than 4,000 pounds of jade materials with excellent tribute texture in Xinjiang, at the same time were created by the Yangxin Hall. Ruling jade, therefore made Qianlong jade, jade color is still white, crushed seriously, complete craftsmanship, regular shape, dense patterns, penetrating into all corners of the court life. During the Qianlong period, he was particularly popular with crushing jade. The largest workload was 8,000 words and 4,000 words in Chinese. "Dayu Governance Water Picture" Yushan is the representative work of Qianlong jade. It weighs 7 tons and takes more than 10 years. It is a variety of techniques such as yin engraving, yang, hidden, and conflict. , Magnificent. In order to pursue the simple and simple charm of the pre -Qin and Qin and Han ancient jade, the Qing court used high -quality jade materials to cause the disability to burn ancient. Folk factories are pursuing high -value, and their antiques are mixed with the eyes of antiques and fakes. In the late Qianlong period, Mughal's jade entered the court. The emperor ordered the office to imitate it and affected the jade in the Beijing Division, Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places. Suzhou jade is delicate, while Yangzhou is known for making large jade.
[The Jasper of the Qing Dynasty]
The lacquered craftsmanship combined with the painting technology of the Ming and Qing dynasties with architecture, furniture, and furnishings, and from practical to furnishing decoration. Entering a new era of thousands of Wenwenhua, which is based on colorful, compounding, complexing, and tattooing techniques. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Cheng and Yang Mao of Xitang (now Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province) were used as examples of Jiaxing (now Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province). The inner court of Chenghua and the Hongzhi years, the tires of the instrument became thinner, the patterns were sparse, and the lacquer lacquer in Xitang faction had entered the end. Yunnan Dali is another carving place of lacquer. During the Jiajing period, Yunnan carved lacquer began to enter the inner court, exhibiting skills, and finally replaced the Xitang faction, which changed the inner court carving paint. Its characteristics are that the knife is not hidden, and the edges are not familiar. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the carved lacquer was lost. By the four years of Qianlong, it was engraved with the baked bamboo names. Suzhou woven lacquer was successfully imitated, and most of the palace was made by Suzhou. Yangzhou carved lacquer has varieties such as snails and treasures. It is the most characteristic of snails. Among them, it is most delicate with snails. The lacquerware has slender patterns and colorful. Famous workers include Wang Guochen, Lu Yingzhi, Xia Qi worker, etc., and the latter is particularly antique and red lacquerware. Su and Yang Yang's paint was destroyed in the battle of the Qing court to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution. Fuzhou lacquerware is long -lasting, gorgeous in color, and lightweight body is its characteristic. It is created by the traditional folder of the famous worker Shen Zhen'an. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing developed from Xiujiu Clasa to imitation Yongle, Xuande and Qianlong carving lacquer. The painting lacquer was a famous Japanese lacquer. During the Ming Dynasty, the painter Yang was ordered to go to Japan to learn about the paint. In addition, the painter Jiang Hui also made good imitation paintings. The soft snails that appeared in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties were new varieties of snails. Xin'an (now Xin'an County, Anhui Province) Fangxinchuan Embedded Diles and Yangzhou Lukui raw sandbladder inlaid paint was shocked for a while. Lacquer wares such as Gold and Born have also made different degrees of progress.
The metal process is characterized by the mosaic inlaid with gemstones. The inner court has a silver -made bureau to build a gold and silver device for the royal family. It represents the gold and silver utensils unearthed from the Golden Crown of the Thirteen Tombs and the tomb of Mingyi King in Jiangxi. The gold and silver inner court of the Qing Dynasty was manufactured by the Yangxin Hall. In the 54th year of Kangxi, a set of 16 pieces of the Double Dragon Nipper Golden Bell, weighing more than 460 kilograms. During the Qianlong period, the largest gold tower was about 5.33 meters high, and more than 11119 gold was used. As a substitute for gold wares, silverware is made into jewelry and utensils to pass the nationwide urban and rural areas. The casting process has achieved special development. The most famous is the Diamond Bell in Dazhong Temple, which is cast in the Yongle period. Essence The "Huayan Scriptures", "Diamond Sutra" and "Golden Guangming Scriptures" were cast in the clock, with a total of more than 227,000 kai style. The font is elegant and rigorous, dignified and beautiful. Xuande Ding, also known as Xuande Furnace during the Xuande period, has been imitated in the past. According to literature, it is based on foreign copper, lead, tin, sand, purple, rouge, Anlan sand and other raw materials. Because of its preciousness and abnormalities, the inner court and the factory imitated the wind. The bronze masters Hu Wenming, Zhang Mingqi, Shi Yan, etc. all handed down products. Copper lions, copper furnaces, copper tanks, copper turtles, copper cranes, etc. in the Forbidden City are enough to represent the level of copper craftsmanship during the Qianlong period.
The gold and silver technology is the decoration of iron wares, especially in ethnic minorities. Multi -layer hollow gold and silver iron bowl sleeve is the essence of Tibetan iron gold technology. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wuhu Tiehu Tangpeng, Anhui, created iron painting, hammering iron blocks, and made a variety of calligraphy and painting works. As a substitute for the silverware, the tin weapon passes the folk. The late Ming and early Qing dynasties returned to make good tin pots. The followers were Zhu Jian and Chen Hongshou.
The glass process of glass production in the Ming Dynasty is still in the town of Yinyan Shenshen, Yidu (now Boshan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province). Used as the curtain of the altar temple. The folk furnaces of Yan Shen Town mainly produce 簪 beads. The glass of the Qing Dynasty was produced in Yan Shen Town, Guangzhou, Suzhou and other places. In the twelfth year of Yongzheng, Boshan County was set up in Yan Shen Town. Since then, the glass produced is known as Boshan Liuli. Thirty years of Guangxu (1904), Shandong Governor Hu Tingzan set up glass companies in Liuhang, Boshan East, hired Germans as technicians, and taught European flat glass technology. Beijing material industry purchases glass bar from Boshan, and foster various beasts and flowers and other materials with lights. During the Kangxi reign, the "kit", which was "white" or "both set". In the late Qing Dynasty, he created a pot, and there were famous masters Zhou Leyuan and Ye Zhongsan. Guangzhou is the main origin of the southern glass of the Qing Dynasty. It is closely related to Western glass. It claims to be "Guangzhu". There is also a melting glass with European glass residues as raw materials. It is also known as "earth glass". Suzhou glass is called "Su Zhu", which seems to be as good as "Guangzhu". On the basis of this, the Qing Dynasty established the Royal Glass Factory in the thirty -five years of Kangxi. In the early days, it was summoned from Guangzhou to raise glassmians into the inner court to burn the glassware. In the early years of Qianlong, the European missionary glassmith Wang Zhizhong and Ji Wen entered the inner court to burn the glassware and completed huge projects such as the chandeliers of the Yuanmingyuan Western Tower. Existing glass factory products include furnaces, bottles, cans, pots, bowls, dishes, bowls, snuff bottles and Xiao Sheng. The colors are nirvana, white, light yellow, delicate yellow, yellow, male yellow, bright tea, bright tea yellow, moon white, white blue, empty blue, bright blue, bean green, bright red, bright rose red, bright gemstone, bright gemstone, bright gemstone, bright gemstones Red, coral red, cowpea purple, light purple, bright purple, peach red, green, pink green, emerald green, crystal, tea crystal, black, etc. In addition, there are compound glass such as Venus, twisted filament, golden, and colorful coloring, and use the decorative techniques such as color drawing, gold drawing, gold, gold, enamel, kit, hidden, and shade. Gu Yuexuan is rumored to be a glassware that writes the Qianlong annual model, poetry seal, and painted patterns in enamel, but has not seen the things that have been passed down to date. During the Daoguang period, glass firing technology declined, from Xianfeng's inner court to only make glassware, and ended with the Qing died in 1911.
The enamel craftsmanship in the Ming Dynasty Jingtai Lan (that is, the silk enamel) process developed rapidly on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty kiln in the Yuan Dynasty. The inner court royal supervisory factory is produced, which is dedicated to the royal family to enjoy it. During the Jingtai period, the inner court workshop can only maintain the previous generation level and have changed slightly. Since then, almost all the products have been handed down. Wanli silk enamel wares are characterized by its short -having silk indulgence and bright glaze color. A major change for enamel wares. The folk silk enamel wares are produced in Beijing and Yunnan. In the Qing Dynasty Jingtai Lan, the inner court and the folk were extremely popular, and its silk and enamel were also different from the Ming Dynasty. The origin is Beijing, Yangzhou, Jiujiang, and Guangzhou. The styles are different and each has its own advantages. In the late Qing Dynasty, only Beijing's private factory maintained production. There are very few relics in the Ming Dynasty, but the Qing Dynasty was widely prevalent. This is related to the development of Guangzhou's copper craftsmanship. The inner enamel factory of the Qing Dynasty also made a tire enamel, but the number was very small. The painting enamel began in the Ming Dynasty, and the existing object was from the beginning of the Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi's enamel has two products: trial production and specifications. It is estimated that the earliest painting enamel in the Qing Dynasty may be introduced into Guangzhou after the ban on the sea, and the Guangzhou artisans were first fired. However, the inner court enamel factory has also experienced the process of independent burning. The enamels among the missionaries have not entered the inner court for several years later than the Guangzhou enamel craftsman. The largest place for painting enamel is Guangzhou. It not only has a huge large -scale enamel industry and workshop, but also sends the enamel artisan to the inner court to provide Guangzhou's production or imported enamel materials and a large number of finished products. However, it is different in terms of work and style. It is also different in artistic and different, and it is clear. In the late Qing Dynasty, the enamel of enamel in the Qing Dynasty alone was produced alone, but the quality was low, which was no longer the former appearance. The transparent enamel is almost exclusively produced in Guangzhou, while roasting blue can be manufactured in urban and rural jewelry buildings across the country.
Themark wood and bamboo tooth carving process is the collective name of organic material carving. In addition to bamboo, wood, and teeth, it also includes materials such as nails, horns, bones. Organic material carving has a long history and superb skills. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the literati and guests were placed on the altar of craftsmanship, and the craftsmen could leave their names and works without being dislocated. In the late Ming Dynasty, the two major bamboo carving factions were appeared in Jinling and Jiading. The founder of the former is Wu Zhongqian. He is good at choosing the wrong bamboo root of the root, and he is slightly carved, which is quite interesting. The latter was sent by Zhu He, and the deep -cut hollow carving method of the bumpy and deep -level layer is different from the former. Zhu Xiaosong and Sun Zhu Sansong, the sons of Zhu He, can pass through his family. Wu Zhi, Feng Xijue, Feng Xilu and other famous masters of the Qing Dynasty were famous. Feng Xilu and nephew Feng Qi have played in the inner court of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong. The bamboo and yellow craftsmanship, went to Qingluo Yellow to press it in order, and flourished in Jiangsu and Zhejiang and flourished in Suzhou. Wood carvings are divided into three types: miscellaneous wood, hardwood and cork. Miscellaneous wood carving is used in architecture and furniture decoration, and is the most famous with Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces. Zhejiang Dongyang, Chaozhou, Guangdong, and Guangzhou woodcarving are important genres. Because of the tide, it is always known as gold lacquer, also known as gold lacquer wood carving. Guangzhou hardwood sculpture ranks first in the country, while Suzhou has won with precision, but the momentum is far less than the former. Guangzhou's dental carving is deep and heavy, with a gorgeous color, and multi -layer of hydrangea, pavilion, dragon and phoenix boat, etc. are their masterpieces. The dental woven is also one of the stunts in Guangzhou, and ivory mats and dental ball fan can reflect its achievements. The Qing Palace Creation Office recruited famous workers such as Suzhou and Guangzhou, recruiting Shi Tianzhang, Ye Dingxin, Chen Zuzhang, Li Zhentang, Xiao Zhenhan, Huang Zhene, Yang Weizhan, Gu Pengnian, Chen Guanquan and other famous workers. The ivory carving "Yueman Qingyou Book" is its representative. The rhino horns of the Ming Dynasty were simple and simple, while the Qing Dynasty was neat and detailed, with multi -dyeing and hot wax. Rhino horn carved masters include Bao Tiancheng, Wu Zhongqian, Youtong, You Kan and others. During the Kangxi period, the Yantong Rhino Horn Cup was called the "You Rhino Cup".
[Huang Zhen effect: ivory carving "fishing music picture" pen holder]
inlaid process is carved into hard wood utensils with gold and silver, jade, glass, enamel, bamboo, wood, teeth, bone and other materials, carved in hard wood utensils. To strengthen its decorative effect is an inevitable result of the highly developed carving process. The wooden tire is embedded with gold and silver patterns. The inner court is called Shangshi, which is mostly used for hard wood or tables. Suzhou and Beijing are more popular. The use of a variety of precious materials is carved and inlaid in one device, showing a colorful inlaid, called a treasure embedded, which is an outstanding representative of the inlaid process. In the late Ming Dynasty, Yangzhou Zhouzhang was a famous master of treasure. He made good use of valuable materials such as gold, silver, gems, and agate. The artistic effect. In addition, Wang Guochen and Lu Yingzhi in the late Ming Dynasty and the Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Lu Yingzhi, Jiaqing and Daoguang, also made certain contributions to the development of Baibao embedded. The inlaid process of Metal or ivory is more developed with metal or ivory. Suzhou is good at using rosewood, mahogany, and wood, and embedded in various patterns and pictures with gold and silver silk or jade. The Ming Dynasty Baibao embedded was simply eye -catching, while the Qing Dynasty became increasingly complicated. It was used in the inlaid material of a device. It was rich in varieties, full of patterns, vivid images, colorful, and beautiful realms. Metal inlaid has copper tires, silver, silver, iron gold and other processes, which are distinctive and unique.
The furniture process Ming Dynasty furniture basically made profit or loss along the Song -style furniture. Generally, urban and rural people use miscellaneous wood furniture. The rich uses rosewood, mahogany, rosewood, wood and other hardwood furniture and nanmu furniture or lacquer furniture. As small as stepping, as large as screen, its shape and style are favorable for life and richness. The proportion of balance is more scientific and reasonable, and additional decorations and carvings are relatively simple. Suzhou furniture, also known as Su -style furniture, is mostly imitated throughout the country. Beijing furniture is also more famous, and its shape and style are closer to Soviet furniture. Before the Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, it still used Ming -style furniture, mainly with lacquer or snail furniture. The furniture of the Qing Dynasty was formed during the Qianlong period. At this time, the hardwood furniture in Suzhou and Beijing changed a lot. Suzhou furniture decoration is complicated, hardwood furniture is often combined with lacquer and jade inlaid, making carved lacquer, carving, gold painting, colorful paint, gold paint, imitation painting and bamboo, bamboo yellow, and bamboo, etc., and the furniture of the Ming Dynasty has been very different. Far. Guangzhou furniture has entered the inner court, breaking the weighing pattern of the original furniture, changing the situation of Soviet -style furniture forbidden cities, and gradually occupying an important position in the inner court house. Its shapes, patterns, decorations, and materials have their own characteristics. Yangzhou furniture cannot be ignored. Its style is between Su and Guang, and has a folding color. In particular, Zhou Yan Baibao embedded furniture is the most valuable, one of the characteristics. On the basis of Ming -style furniture, Beijing furniture has also changed significantly. The inner court furniture has been made by the creation office, the manufacturing of Guangli and the Soviet Union, Yang, Guang, and Changlu, which has become the general exchange of furniture in the country. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the furniture, Soviet -style, Yang, and Cantonese -style 4 -type existence, mutual influence, together constitute the general trend of elegance and luxury unique to furniture at this time. Although the Soviet -style and Yang -style furniture recovered in the war in the late Qing Dynasty, it still declined. Beijing -style and Cantonese furniture also lost the atmosphere of the 18th century. At this time, Shanghai, Tianjin and other ports have been entered into Europe and Japanese furniture, and therefore appear unshairous "new" furniture in imitation furniture or Chinese and Western compromises.
The four treasures of the four treasures of the Ming and Qing dynasties in the four treasures of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In addition to paying attention to their practical value, they especially emphasize their aesthetic functions such as decoration, rewards, and furnishings. The level of craft has reached its peak. Among them, writing is still the most famous for writing brushes produced by Huzhou (now Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province). The inner courts include Xuande, Jiajing, and Wanli. Blocking into bamboo shoots, orchid heads or gourd heads with sheep, wolves, etc. The rod is decorated with black lacquer to paint the golden cloud pattern, or uses jade poles. In the Qing Dynasty, most of them were made of jade, lacquer, ivory, hardwood, bamboo, bamboo, Xiangfei bamboo, 玳瑁, red, gold paint and other materials and process systems to improve the beauty of the pen. The decoration and appreciation of ink have also been greatly improved. Make -making masters are represented by Cheng Junfang and Fang Yu Lu as their representatives in the Ming Dynasty. After entering the Qing Dynasty, Cao Sugong was famous for its name. After rumoring, he moved to Shanghai and continued to open. The collection of the Jinjin ink was flourished in the Qing Dynasty. During the Kangxi reign, the famous brocade ink formation was renovated by the famous master Wu Tianzhang. Liu Yuan's national treasure ink, as well as the ink, and the plowing maps, etc., are the boutiques of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong's court ink. The biggest achievements of the two generations of paper and silk in the Ming and Qing dynasties are the improvement of rice paper and the second art processing of paper and silk. Dyed, powder, wax, sprinkle, gold, gold, silk, and version of watermarking and other techniques decorate paper and silk, which are a beautiful crafts in themselves. The 歙 is still highly valued with duct and 砚. Suzhou Gu Erniang was the famous master of Jiangnan during the Kangxi period. The inner court used pine flowers to make royal pupae. The local famous crickets include Suzhou Chengmi, Shandong Yiji Shi, Red Silk Stone, Ningxia Helan Mountain Stone, Gansu Luohe Shi, and Hunan chrysanthemums, etc., have a certain reputation across the country. In addition, dozens of accessories such as Drops, Bishan, ink beds, town ruler, and arm rests are made with various materials and crafts. Its shape is exquisite and small, decorated with exquisite and beautiful, and it is a craft treasure.
In addition, there are still instruments such as clothing and carried, car saddle, martial arts instruments, bonsai, clocks, jewelry, jewelry, bamboo, bamboo, 匏, natural wood, etc. And the handicrafts of various ethnic groups are unique areas and important majors of arts and crafts. They are an indispensable part of the arts and crafts of Ming and Qing arts. Essence